📜 [專欄新文章] Gas Efficient Card Drawing in Solidity
✍️ Ping Chen
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Assign random numbers as the index of newly minted NFTs
Scenario
The fun of generative art NFT projects depends on randomness. The industry standard is “blind box”, where both the images’ serial number and the NFTs’ index are predetermined but will be shifted randomly when the selling period ends. (They call it “reveal”) This approach effectively solves the randomness issue. However, it also requires buyers to wait until the campaign terminates. What if buyers want to know the exact card right away? We’ll need a reliable onchain card drawing solution.
The creator of Astrogator🐊 isn’t a fan of blind boxes; instead, it thinks unpacking cards right after purchase is more interesting.
Spec
When initializing this NFT contract, the creator will determine the total supply of it. And there will be an iterable function that is randomly picking a number from the remaining pool. The number must be in range and must not collide with any existing ones.
Our top priority is accessibility/gas efficiency. Given that gas cost on Ethereum is damn high nowadays, we need an elegant algorithm to control gas expanse at an acceptable range.
Achieving robust randomness isn’t the primary goal here. We assume there’s no strong financial incentive to cheat, so the RNG isn’t specified. Implementers can bring their own source of randomness that they think is good enough.
Implementation
Overview
The implementation is pretty short and straightforward. Imagine there’s an array that contains all remaining(unsold) cards. When drawIndex() is called, it generates a (uniform) random seed to draw a card from the array, shortens the array, and returns the selected card.
Algorithm
Drawing X cards from a deck with the same X amount of cards is equal to shuffling the deck and dealing them sequentially. It’s not a surprise that our algorithm is similar to random shuffling, and the only difference is turning that classic algo into an interactive version.
A typical random shuffle looks like this: for an array with N elements, you randomly pick a number i in (0,N), swap array[0] and array[i], then choose another number i in (1,N), swap array[1] and array[i], and so on. Eventually, you’ll get a mathematically random array in O(N) time.
So, the concept of our random card dealing is the same. When a user mints a new card, the smart contract picks a number in the array as NFT index, then grabs a number from the tail to fill the vacancy, in order to keep the array continuous.
Tweak
Furthermore, as long as the space of the NFT index is known, we don’t need to declare/initialize an array(which is super gas-intensive). Instead, assume there’s such an array that the n-th element is n, we don’t actually initialize it (so it is an array only contains “0”) until the rule is broken.
For the convenience of explanation, let’s call that mapping cache. If cache[i] is empty, it should be interpreted as i instead of 0. On the other hand, when a number is chosen and used, we’ll need to fill it up with another unused number. An intuitive method is to pick a number from the end of the array, since the length of the array is going to decrease by 1.
By doing so, the gas cost in the worst-case scenario is bound to be constant.
Performance and limitation
Comparing with the normal ascending index NFT minting, our random NFT implementation requires two extra SSTORE and one extra SLOAD, which cost 12600 ~ 27600 (5000+20000+2600) excess gas per token minted.
Theoretically, any instantly generated onchain random number is vulnerable. We can restrict contract interaction to mitigate risk. The mitigation is far from perfect, but it is the tradeoff that we have to accept.
ping.eth
Gas Efficient Card Drawing in Solidity was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
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48.第一手
https://deso.news/2021/09/22/2021-%e5%b9%b4art-formosa%e7%a6%8f%e7%88%be%e6%91%a9%e6%b2%99%e5%9c%8b%e9%9a%9b%e8%97%9d%e8%a1%93%e5%8d%9a%e8%a6%bd%e6%9c%83%e8%a8%98%e8%80%85%e6%9c%83%e8%97%9d%e4%ba%ba%e8%b6%99%e5%a9%b7%e3%80%81/
49.中時
https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20210923000590-260112?chdtv
50.每日要聞
https://daynews.co/news/4393304/
51.自由
https://ent.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3680447
52.娛樂星聞
https://star.setn.com/news/1001631
53.hinet
https://times.hinet.net/news/23516774
54.wowo news
http://www.wowonews.com/2021/09/4653_01564903519.html
55.yahoo
https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E8%94%A1%E5%85%81%E6%BD%94%E6%83%B3%E5%AD%98%E7%AC%AC1%E6%A1%B6%E9%87%91-%E6%85%98%E9%81%AD%E7%88%B8%E6%BD%91%E5%86%B7%E6%B0%B4-201000797.html
56.yahoo
https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E6%88%B6%E9%A0%AD%E5%83%85%E5%89%A912%E8%90%AC-%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%AF%80%E7%9B%AE%E7%94%98%E9%A1%98%E8%A2%AB%E7%BD%B5-090229920.html
art index 在 Ching Lee's Art 畫畫、手繪、DIY手作、教學日常 Youtube 的精選貼文
畫畫教學|天竺鼠車車|油粉彩|羊毛氈公仔|廣東話學畫畫|PUI PUI 天竺鼠車車|香港|日本定格動畫 |Hong Kong |Ching Lee's Art
一天,上課時,同學問我有沒有看過「天竺鼠車車」,於是我便上網搜尋了「天竺鼠車車」定格動畫的影片,看了一集後,發現真的很可愛,還加入了真人的元素在動畫內,所以便想和大家一起畫「天竺鼠車車」,如果一起畫了,歡迎到Facebook 或IG與我分享。下邊有我的連結,謝謝!??
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Ching Lee's 其他繪畫教學影片歡迎前往 :
◆人像油粉彩入門|停課不停學|畫女孩子|油粉彩|人物插畫|手繪女孩子|小孩子油畫棒|畫畫| How to draw a kid with oil pastels|Ching Lee's Art
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgE2-kITt-M&list=PLbwDa6EDx2iG-1DEzHM7A4FQcUFaHKkhU&index=21&t=168s
◆油粉彩|調色刀/油畫刀 刮刀法|立體油粉彩技巧|油粉彩這樣畫|油畫棒刮刀手繪|在家減壓|調色刀可以這樣畫|紫色樹林|浪漫色調|oil pastels |廣東話學畫畫|Ching Lee's Art
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fH0kItoueo8&list=PLbwDa6EDx2iG-1DEzHM7A4FQcUFaHKkhU&index=33
◆ 如何畫木顏色/色鉛筆畫香港人美食:叉燒飯? how to draw barbecued pork rice with color pencil
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iL5UTlFKKkg&list=PLbwDa6EDx2iGjRCp2FLn_1wcTtnl1E_vm&index=94
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iL5UTlFKKkg&list=PLbwDa6EDx2iGjRCp2FLn_1wcTtnl1E_vm&index=94
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想睇多d有關我既繪畫教學及繪畫過程分享,可以去以下地方搵倒我喇~~
我的FACEBOOK連結
https://www.facebook.com/chingleesart/
我的Instagram 連結
https://www.instagram.com/chingnet/
我的活動連結
http://hongkongfineart.com
我的YOUTUBE 頻道
https://goo.gl/ebwuWJ
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Music by ARTIST (LINK TO ARTIST)
Promoted by BGMD No Copyright Music http://tiny.cc/yf4qpz
License: Creative Commons (see above, if necessary)
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#NagomiArt ##PUI PUI 天竺鼠車車 #羊毛氈公仔 #香港 #藝術 #藝術工作者 #教學 #創作 #繪畫 #畫班導師 #art #天竺鼠車車 #油畫棒 #油粉彩 #Illustration #fooddrawing #手繪 #kiddrawing #畫畫 #成人畫班 #handmade #畫班 #網上畫班 #painting #youtubevideo #mixmedia #workshop #學畫畫 #drawingtutorial #兒童畫 #畫畫入門 #Acrylic #乾粉彩 #畫具介紹 #日本定格動畫 #廣東話 #Pentel #畫風景 #畫天空 #畫屋 #畫花#手帳 #手帳設計 #油粉彩教學 #油粉彩技巧 #畫畫入門 #手繪教學 #drawing #artist #hkartist #Illustration #手作 #手繪 #上課 #畫畫 #drawingvideo #木顏色 #日常 #香港創作@Ching Lee’s Art
art index 在 半熟おとめ Youtube 的最佳解答
毎週⚠水曜の21時から!⚠
絵描きふたりがゆる~くお話しするラジオだよ🐷🐶💜
半熟おとめ🐷とツヅキエイミ🐶のYouTubeチャンネルで交互に配信していますので、皆様よろしくお願い致します!
今回のラジオテーマは…
「ラブずっきゅん!恋愛のハナシ」
皆さんの甘酸っぱい思い出、苦い思い出、理想、質問…
などなど募集させていただきました!
☠そして今回はお休みです☠
悪趣味コーナー
「一番恥ずかしい奴は誰だ!黒歴史バトル」
皆さんからとっておきの黒歴史を送っていただき、
(黒歴史エピソードでも黒歴史な作品でもOK!)
その黒歴史を2つずつご紹介、そしてどっちが恥ずかしいかを皆で決める畜生な企画です!
より恥ずかしいものが勝ち残り、今回のベストオブ黒歴史を決めるというものです😉❤
ですが頂いたお便りが少数でしたので今回はお休みとさせていただきます。
楽しみにしてくださっていた方ごめんなさい🙇
今回頂いた分は、次回ご紹介させて頂きます!
質問、相談、自慢、感想、などなど!
お便り、なーんでもお待ちしてます!
ハッシュタグ #おとつづラジオ をつけてツイートしてね!
前:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nw20dS7R71Y&list=WL&index=1
次:(予定)1月24日㈬21時~ ツヅキエイミのチャンネルにて
「おとめのつづき」再生リスト:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHUNgOe0JRiFHHWJH8oSwTxthbGem44ED
――――――――――――――――――――――――――
BGM制作/提供
nortlem 様
❥Twitter:https://twitter.com/nortlemm?s=11
半熟おとめ
❥mail:hanjuku_otome@yahoo.co.jp
❥HP:http://chazuke0415.wixsite.com/hanjukuotome
❥Twitter:https://twitter.com/hanjukuotome
❥Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/hanjukuotome/
❥suzuriSHOP:https://suzuri.jp/hanjukuotome
❥LINEスタンプ:https://store.line.me/stickershop/author/268214/ja
❥YouTubeチャンネル:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0rM6BJ2ZJxBDQp7iBzioRQ
❥サブチャンネル:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3tNYszXcGueK197b_Oud5Q
ツヅキエイミ
❥mail:amy199428961@gmail.com
❥pixiv:https://www.pixiv.net/users/16105789
❥Twitter:https://twitter.com/a_ei_mi_y
❥Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/amy_tsuduki/?hl=ja
❥suzuriSHOP:https://suzuri.jp/a_ei_mi_y
❥YouTubeチャンネル:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXBtsrNN8HWPcO3mtSRFTHw
art index 在 李哈利Harry Youtube 的最佳解答
你有聽過 Non-Fungible Token (NFT) 這個加密貨幣嗎?
NFT 是其中一個建立在以太坊區塊鏈上的加密貨幣,這類貨幣比較常用於網絡遊戲中的交易、購買音樂、電子藝術品 (digital art) 類的產品,未来还会广泛运用在更多的交易里。
近期,有一位曾经持有全球 5% 比特币的投资家分享了他对于 NFT 的未来评估,并且还表态说会考虑大量买入并管理 NFT 这个虚拟货币。
如果你想进一步了解 NFT 这个虚拟货币,还有为什么市场会如此看好 NFT,记得不要错过今天的视频!
⚠️ 重要聲明:今天的視頻僅供參考,並非投資建議。投資有風險,請謹慎投資。
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👉 搶先加入「投資帶我飛」社團:
https://www.officialharrylee.com/invest-with-harry
👉 了解我的第一個 NFT - HL Family:
https://www.harryleefam.com
👉 加入「HL Family」NFT Discord 社群:
https://discord.gg/2x3tF6JSvu
以下是根據地區不同,可以購買比特幣的平台(使用連接你會得到 10 美金獎勵):
💰 Coinbase(美國地區):https://coinbase-consumer.sjv.io/c/2656819/552039/9251
💰 Okex(中國大陸地區):https://www.okex.com/join/2027974
💰 幣安 Binance(美國以外地區):https://www.binance.com/cn/register?ref=51241754
💰 火幣交易所(中國大陸地區):https://www.huobi.li/zh-cn/topic/invited/?invite_code=gi2c8
👉 比特幣錢包:https://shop.ledger.com/pages/ledger-nano-x?r=0acabd60fec8
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時間軸:
00:00 前導
00:40 揭秘下一個風口
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🧑🏻🏫 線上課程的銷售秘密免費教學:
https://www.officialharrylee.com/onlinecourse-webinar-registration13?sl=youtube
🧑🏻🏫 Shopify 電商大師班免費教學:
https://www.officialharrylee.com/shopify-webinar-registration13?sl=youtube
📖 Shopify電商大師班免費攻略:
https://www.officialharrylee.com/shopify-cheatsheet3?sl=youtube
🧑🏻🏫 社交媒體行銷藍圖免費教學:
https://www.officialharrylee.com/smma-webinar-registration-singup1?sl=youtube
📖 社交媒體行銷藍圖免費攻略:
https://www.officialharrylee.com/smma-cheatsheet?sl=youtube
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🔔 訂閱我的頻道、打開小鈴鐺,你才不會漏了我未來的新影片:
https://www.youtube.com/c/harrylee?sub_confirmation=1
🛍【免費14天試用】網店必備 Shopify:
https://www.shopify.com/?ref=usfox
⏳【免費14天試用】行銷漏斗軟件 Clickfunnels:
https://bit.ly/2Whj7qJ
📮【免費14天試用】全自動郵件發送系統 Active Campaign:
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📈【免費】YouTube 數據分析工具 - Tubebuddy:
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📈券商: Webull 微牛APP (美國/中國/馬來西亞) 用戶
https://act.webull.com/k/lZu8Lz9dDOkt/main
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🎒 我的設備:
📷 相機Canon M50 -
https://amzn.to/2GB4eJZ
🎙 相機麥克風 Rode -
https://amzn.to/2Dm7ZSE
🎤 電腦麥克風 -
https://amzn.to/2IJWZ4X
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❤️ Instagram:
https://www.instagram.com/harryleemedia/
✅ 微信ID:
leemedia
👨💻 Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/officialharryleemedia
🙋🏻♀️ Facebook 群組:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/400282737418604
🌐 官網:
https://www.officialharrylee.com
📨 聯絡郵箱:
harry@harryleemedia.com
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🔥 其他不可錯過的超人氣視頻:
👉 Shopify電商教學 -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FamZf6shbNw&list=PLYMEh7yZ5BIzpVbNKwJh2SATFSRSUreML
👉 社交媒體營銷教學 -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rts2uk7cAMw&list=PLYMEh7yZ5BIx-b02W1fhdvbjxPSOZ0AdA&index=2&t=11s
👉 Facebook 廣告操作完整教學 -
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👉 YouTube 營銷推廣教學 -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcYbGG2gWJY&list=PLYMEh7yZ5BIy13MbQNe_wM15X_c8yN5Kh
👉 關於網絡賺錢的秘密 -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jreIXWTrH4A&list=PLYMEh7yZ5BIzPG_IaEuTmSomVFs-9fUHL
👉 關於個人品牌與成長 -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7CZMu23dj8&list=PLYMEh7yZ5BIzxt1XI10vRl55n8M5ioAYn
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‼️ 重要聲明:
以上部分鏈結是聯盟營銷鏈結,但不會影響你在購買時的價格和權益。
收到的聯盟佣金會被用來運作這個頻道,讓我在未來能夠產出更多更好的內容給你。
在此聲明,謝謝你的支持!
#虛擬貨幣 #加密貨幣 #NFT
art index 在 India To Get Its Own Art Index, To Track Prices ... - YouTube 的推薦與評價
India to get its own art index to track prices, and promote art globally. Aditi gives more details. Listen in.#india #indianart #artindex ... ... <看更多>
art index 在 Art Index AU | Sydney NSW - Facebook 的推薦與評價
Art Index AU, Sydney, Australia. 82 likes. Art Index is Australia's leading boutique art advisory. Providing independent art research, sales an. ... <看更多>